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, Bq, is the SI unit of activity for radioactive sources. It is equivalent to a count or disintegration per second. The activity is measured, typically, with a Geiger-Muller (GM) tube.

$^A_ZX \rightarrow~{}^{A}_{Z+1}Y + ^{0}_{-1}\beta + ^{0}_{0}\bar{\nu}$

or

$^A_ZX \rightarrow~{}^{A}_{Z+1}Y + ^{0}_{-1}e + ^{0}_{0}\bar{\nu}$.

Where X is the parent nucleus, Y is the daughter nucleus, A is the number of nucleons and Z is the number of protons.
An example decay is

$^{90}_{38}Sr \rightarrow~{}^{90}_{39}Y + ^{0}_{-1}\beta + ^{0}_{0}\bar{\nu}$.

Properties of beta particles include

• continuous energy spectrum
  
• -1 charge
• relatively light
  
• moderately ionizing
• moderate range in air (cm to m)/medium penetration
  
• can be blocked by a few mm of aluminum or thin lead sheets
• deflected by magnetic-fields and electric-fields (in direction opposite to alpha particles)

More info

for a five bit-number

$b_4 b_3 b_2 b_1 b_0$

the decimal equivalent is

$b_4 \times 2^4 + b_3 \times 2^3 + b_2 \times 2^2 + b_1 \times 2^1 + b_0 \times 2^0$.

An example is the binary number $10101$ which in decimal is

$1 \times 2^4 + 0 \times 2^3 + 1 \times 2^2 + 0 \times 2^1 + 1 \times 2^0 = 21$.

is the energy required to assemble a nucleus or to separate the nucleus into its individual components/nucleons. (d)

The binding energy per nucleon is the total binding energy for a particular nucleus divided by the number of nucleons contained in the nucleus.

For energy to be released in a nuclear reaction, fusion or fission, the binding energy must increase.

is a region where the optical nerve leaves the retina which does not contain rods or cones.

When the angle of incidence equals Brewster's angle, the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other. The reflected ray becomes completely horizontally plane-polarized.

$n=\tan \phi$